No. I am here to try to show a bit more of what France is actually, mostly since Sarkozy is president.

Those who know me know I didnt vote for Nicolas Sarkozy. So I will make efforts to try to be neutral.

FACTS

Sarkozy got a bit more than 50% (53% or so)of the votes during the second turn of presidential elections in May 2007.

Sarkozy and his team are close to many firms and do a lot to make firms be more competitive.

They also have auctions in 80% of the medias in France.

I do not think that a president linked to so many firms and especially medias is positive for a democracy.
I am surely more ‘democrat’ or left side than ‘republican’ UMP right side (Sarkozy’s political party) but i would appreciate is French medias could at times, especially TV, critizes his actions, or at least talk about the opinion of his opponents or of any citizen who disagree with him.

I would also appreciate if Nicolas Sarkozy could remember that he has some ministres to help him, and that he doesnt have to solve all problems that media say about by himself.

RIOTS etc

Sarkozy and his gouvernement say it s not a social problem but only a matter of delinquent who just destroy anything.
Most sociologists and anthropologists think that delinquency is never without sense, and about french suburbs, they claim the problem is a lack of integration of young people living in poor area.

There was an accident last week between a police car and a mini motorbike in a suburb. The two teens who were on the bike died. Medias said that the bike was driving too fast and that the policemen were driving slowly.
But the images we watched on medias showed a police car half destroyed. Medias then said young men came and destroyed the police car after the accident.
The day after, we were told that someone snapped the accident on his mobile phone and that the police car was only destroyed by the accident.
Fadela Amara then said that an inuqiry is now starting. I wish next time media and gouvernment wont tell us what happened somewhere before the beginning of the inquiry.. or that the car is destroyed cos men came to destroy only the front side of the car…

To tell you all that s scaring me in my country actually would take me a book or two.
I just wanted to add :
a law was voted so that migrants who want to come to France to join their family will do blood test to check if they are really from the family they claim
medias spent hours talking about ‘hostages’ cos of strikes, mostly insulting strikers.

I wish i am wrong but all this is getting closer to dictatorship and it reminds me a time when we used to say Jewish were…
Let me not talk too much. I just wanted you to know more about France, my opinion doesnt matter much facts does.

The area of the Delta, very rich in hydrocarbons, produces the major part of the resources of Nigeria.
If this region becomes independant, Nigeria could hardly survive economilcally and politically.
It could involve the increase in the requests for autonomy of the other populations.

Nigerians then see the claims of the populations of the Delta of Niger as selfish and tribalistics because it is opposed to the economic and political survival of Nigeria.
The ethnic explanation is not enough to understand the conflicts in Niger Delta. The tribalistic arguments seem to be used as justification of the economic and political claims.
Despite the official opposition of Nigerians to any tribalism, the ethnos group remains important in the family and but also about economic bonds.
Because of the violence and corruption present in Nigeria, each one trust only his family and his relatives, fearing that others could be robbers or corrupted.
More and more of people identity themselves as Nigerians, the religion pentecotist answers at the requests of integrity and morality vis-a-vis to the endemic corruption while associations defend the humans right.

In the area of the Delta, some want a return to traditions. Others rather hope for a change for more equality and of justice. Certain people wish to return to the traditions passed, but the history of people is not neutral and there are few documents about these populations, also this rebuilding is inevitably mixed with the point of view and ideals.
Leaders present themselves as representative of traditions and descendants of former kings, with an aim of increasing their power and of bringing unity among their group.
Nigerians of the diaspora also of the members of associations and a part of the inhabitants of the Delta are opposed to the corrupted leaders and ask for more democracy. Others take as a starting point the the humans right and of the foreign democracies to require the actualization of traditions.
The increase of the number of local government area divide groups into sub-groups ; while organisations try to unity populations.

Despite what medias usually say, it seems that a big part of the population of the Delta disagree with the elites. Most of the people from this area who answered my questionaires answered that the problems of the Delta come only from the corruption of the elites.
Ijaw Youth Council, a famous organisation, during a conference in USA, also criticizes the elites, probably because the peple of Niger Delta want them to be against the corrupted elites, to prove that they are not corrupted themselves.
Little by little, a regional identity is raising. The population of this area face the same problems and the same marginalisation.

In a next inquiry about Niger delta i would like to know who are the differents types of militants (for traditions, demonstrations, rebels or member of a human rights organisation, etc), but i also would like to study the relationship between leaders and the inhabitants of the Delta and their respective goals.
This investigation would allow, not only to check the need growing for democracy for all the inhabitants, but also the birth of social classes in the area.

Until the 18th century, one speaks only about nations and people, the ethnic group term is used for the first time by V. Lapouge in 1896. According to Luc de Heusch, he invented it in order to distinguish races. The term is quickly use by colonial administrators and thus replaces the words ‘people’ and ‘nations’, adding a biological insinuation. Guy de Boeck says that this name is used to organise men and territories to control them through the treaties in particular. A whole vocabulary is used to be distinguished the colonised people: these people are said to have habits, beliefs and chiefs and not laws, religions and presidents.
Mr. Godelier defines a tribe as a concrete society, with a territory and being ready to defend it. It controls the resources of work, is created from economics and politics. Today, this word is used almost only for the groups isolated living in a rudimentary way, as if this word could speak only about isolated and little economically developed companies.
The word ethnic group has many definitions. Many authors agree to say that an ethnic group is based on a belief in a common origin, real or not (Shirokogoroff, Tylor, Weber.). Thus the ethnic group would be based at least with the eyes of its members on a family or blood bond, in the majority of the cases. Apart from the fact of knowing if this idea is real, it shows all at least that even for anthropologist the limit with races is small. Many sociologists think that the language, the conscience to belong to a group, endogamy and cultural identity make it possible to show that one belong to an ethnic group. (Shirokogoroff, Tylor, Roosen, Godelier. ). Boeck and Barth affirm what is  important is what people say that is the ethnic group is, what defines it according to them.
Then, each sociologist brought his own definition:
For Tylor, it is a total phenomenon where certain cultural features are at the base of the creation of a social system.
For Roosen, the ethnic group was created or at least modified by colonisation and it is linked to a larger cultural unit.
Barth says that colonisation cemented the ethnic groups in time, insisting on the importance of the bonds and exchanges with the borders and said that culture is different from the ethnic group.
According to G. of Boeck, exchanges are fundamental. Trade becomes cultural and linguistic exchanges, and the trade involves a division of the labour.
Amselle speaks rather about identity with a multitude of identities for each person which adapt according to situations.
Since some years, anthropologists have agreed to say that the ethnic group is changing.

Ethnic group term change according to modifications of the groups. Thus it appeared during colonisation, its definition changed during independence of the colonised country, then adding the idea of choice of the members of the ethnic group. Today it persists, in spite of the strong migration of the populations towards the cities, globalisation of the media and international migrations. That deeply modified social groups and ways of life of people studied by the anthropologists.
Of which ethnic group are we when our parents are from various horizons, and we grow in a distant city, then migrate to a new country? In other words are we from the ethnic group of birth, of the education one receives or that that one chooses? The term really does seem to be mainly used to create a division between occident and people in the past colonised countries or developing countries. Would one dare to call the Corsicans or the Breton ethnic group or tribe? However they correspond to the majority of the definitions given by the anthropologists.
Thus the ethnic group term, on top of being dangerously linked to a racist vision, seems difficult to define, as if its definition depended on the studied group and at which time one refers. I do not deny the existence of groups related to the origins cultural or biological, I think simply that the term of ethnic group is too close to an idea of underdevelopment and that it is not suitable. However, the ethnologist have to define their subject of study, that it is in term of population, territory and habits for example, and to find what they have in common. In my opinion, it will thus be necessary to concentrate to the word of group and to define  the group studied precisely before starting the investigation itself in order to avoid any amalgam, particularly when one studies groups who were colonised or who are victims of prejudices.

1) Definition
Post traumatic stress is a group of  symptoms developed by a person after being confronted to a traumatise, i.e. an event which caused an intense fear, a feeling of impotence or horror. Such an event can be an accident, an aggression, a rape, a hold-up, an earthquake, etc. Whoever is exposed to an event of such an intensity can develop characteristic symptoms which include:
- reviving the event in mind very often
 -avoiding situations which remember them the event
 -hyperactivity.
Although certain personal circumstances (for examples, problems during childhood, pre-existent mental problem, etc.) can increase the probability of developing a post-traumatic stress, it seems that the determinant factor is the gravity of the event. According to certain studies, 8 to 10 % of the population would suffer at one time or another from their life from a state from post-traumatic stress. Let us specify that we speak about post-traumatic stress when the disturbance persists more than one month. In the first month, we rather employ the term of acute stress.

2) Symptoms
The traumatic event is constantly revived
-repetitive memories and invading event causing a feeling of stress and including images, thoughts or perceptions. Note: young children, repetitive plays expressing of the topics or the aspects of the traumatise.
-repetitive dreams concerning the event. Note: For children, they can be alarming dreams without recognisable contents.
-sudden impression that the traumatic event is going to happen again (including illusions, hallucinations and flash-back).
-intense feeling of psychic stress when facing indices reminding them an aspect of the traumatic event ( dates, weather, certain places, certain odours, etc). 
-efforts to avoid thoughts, feelings or  conversations associated with the traumatise.
-incapacity to remember an important aspect of the traumatise.
-clear reduction of the interest for important activities or reduction of the participation in these same activities.        
-avoid relationships and feeling of becoming different from others.
- incapacity to test tender feelings.
- to think of not being able to make career, to marry, to have children, or to have a normal course of the life.
-difficulties to sleep
-irritability or access of anger
-difficulties of concentration
One speaks about post-traumatic stress when the disturbance involves a deterioration of social, professional life or in other important fields.
The memory of the event is often of an extraordinary precision. People say they can re-examine the scene as if they were there. Images, odours, etc; seem truer than with ordinary memory.
The symptom of hyper vigilance and other symptoms of over reaction occur as if it was still necessary to remain in alarm to ensure itself to do what it is necessary and to prevent any other danger. Amnesia allow to proportion the stress to be managed. The problem is that these mechanisms are maintained whereas they are not necessary any longer and that they present too many disadvantages.
It happens that these symptoms of post-traumatic stress are accompanied by physical or psychological symptoms of anxiety or panic (it acts of hyperventilation) such as: palpitations, pain, nausea, instability, impression of fainting, feelings of unreality or depersonalisation (to be detached from oneself), fear of losing the self-control, fear of dying.

3) Associated difficulties
Reactions which constitute what is called post-traumatic stress often represent only a part of the suffering and the difficulties of victims. They often live a painful guilty feeling because they survived, or didn’t save anyone during the event, are haven’t reacted as they would have liked, etc. When they are victims of a criminal act, they often live with a great feeling of  revolt, aggressiveness, a desire of revenge and a feeling on injustice.
The victims often also suffer from a feeling of lack of communication. Their experiment, the lived emotions and their reactions are so much out of the common run, intense that the words are difficult to find to describe what is lived. It often comes a time when the victim is told “forget it”. People suffering from a severe post-traumatic stress say that, even if the relatives dot heir best, later they do not want to speak about it any longer.
The vision of the world and the life is often affected. The world is no longer safe. It becomes full of dangers, traps, etc.
Among people who lived chronic traumatises (abuse, marital violence, etc.) particularly, the capacity to trust is very affected. In addition, let us mention that people suffering from a post-traumatic stress must sometimes live, at the same time, the mourning of their own health, constant pains, financial problems, or with an abortion, family problems, etc.

4) Evolution
The symptoms usually begin in the first three months after the traumatise although it can appear several months or several years later.  Symptoms can last weeks or years ; but  complete cure happens after in three months in approximately half of the cases whereas many other subjects have symptoms which persist more than twelve months later. These people are likely to develop a depression (apparently 25 to 30% of people suffering from a post-traumatic stress), an abusive consumption of drug, alcohol or drugs (approximately 50%), panics, health problems. It is frequent that these various reactions interfere with the interpersonal relations and carry out to serious marital and family difficulties. Children often refuse contacts, have serious food problems, can be aggressive, have nightmares,..

5 )  Sexual abuse
The bond with the society represented is broken, the genealogical bond also and the law, in other words all that the father represents when he commits incest. The victims of sexual abuse often show difficulties of setting up limits and to establish contacts, they have the impression not to be able to control what arrived to you and thus bonds with people.
Anger is one of the most current symptoms to which that victims of sexual abuse must face.
The children victims of abuse often passed many years while refusing to deal with your truths emotions and feelings; their anger did not have any effect or very little on your impostor. A repressed anger can lead to a depression, the victim directs his anger against himself or other.
Loss of the experiments of childhood, innocence. The child is always worried, aggressive, faces difficulties of feeling joy and happiness.
As a incest implies the parents and/or other members of the family, there is a loss of trust. Those who are supposed to protect you and take care of you are also those which deceived you. That involves the loss of a normal relationship, of  memories of your childhood, guilt feeling and shame.
As an adult who had been victim of abuse during your childhood, you can feel much culpability because you did not stop the abuse. Children seek affection from adults and some times they will accept any type of affection (even an abuse) as proof that they are liked. Victims of abuse are often turned responsible or taken for liars after having had the courage to talk about their aggression.
Learning how to trust again is very difficult. Some grew in an environment which did not offer stability or safety where one or more adults could be manipulators ; thus why believe that others would be different if you can’t trust people close to you, how can one trust others? Victims go from one extreme to the other, by trust too much or not at all.

6)   Sexuality and self confidence
As a victim of sexual abuse during your childhood, you can have problems of self confidence of image of yourself. That is perhaps the results of all the negative messages which you heard from the person who abused or for feeling responsible from what occurred and for the culpability about which we spoke earlier.  Abuse itself is a refusal of the other, seeing it like in object.
Also the victims often have a disastrous image of them and their body, considered often as faulty, responsible of the abuse into their eyes, as the abuser liked it and the same body made them feel pleasure.
the nature even of the abuse of course has an enormous impact on sexuality.
Sexuality can remind the victims about your abuse even years later and when making love to a loved one. That can be very alarming and very frustrating, and can prevent you from having any type of sexual activity with your partner.
Self-mutilation is a phenomenon much more current that one could think. It is often a consequences of a sexual abuse. Victims of abuse or of ill-treatment during their childhood often have the feeling that what happened was their fault and find in self mutilation a way to punish themselves. According to Kahan and Pattison (1984; Pattison and Kahan, 1983), the self-mutilation is characterised by its direct character with an intentional effect of hurting itself immediately.

7)   Food disorder
the survivors of a sexual abuse tend to develop food disorder to ‘control’ food  in order to compensate the lack of control on their feelings and reactions. Anorexia and bulimia is the fact of eating very great quantity of food in a short period of time and then, by culpability or fear of growing bigger, of trying to compensate this excess by vomiting or fasting. People suffer of anorexia or bulimia often feel a very great shame. A person suffering from bulimia can be thin, have a standard weight or be overweight.

8)   Men
Men cannot be victims because they are able to defend themselves ? But boys are only children unable to defend themselves from an adult who is much stronger, larger than them. Moreover adults have a certain authority into the eyes of a child and he can also threaten the child. Most abusers are not homosexual but paedophiles who abuse both girls and boys. Some of them are married besides.
In fact, boys or teenagers can answer physically to a sexual stimulation even to a traumatic or painful experiment. That does not mean in any manner that the victim took pleasure or voluntarily took part in the abuse. But if the boy or the teenager had a sexual reaction, they can feel much shame and feel guilty. There is also a lack of comprehension compared to this physical reaction because the victim perhaps too young to understand what happens to his body.
Studies show that boys are affected as much as the women even if there are some differences. Men must deal with non acceptation of male rape by the society. Men who were raped become abusers? This myth can have terrible consequences, especially if the victim is treated like a future abuser more than like a victim. Even if it is true that many abusers were victims of one form of abuse in their past, the great majority of the victims will never become abusers.
If the impostor is a woman, the boy or teenager should regard themselves as lucky to be initiated to sex. Actually, any form of non desired sexual activity, even if it comes from a woman, causes negative consequences.
As long as the society will believe in these myths, males victims of abuse will have much problems to obtain the assistance they deserve. Same manner, as long as the survivors will believe in these myths, they will feel ashamed, a not justified shame.
A form of sexual abuse about which one perhaps forget at times are the rapes made in the prisons. And they were often already victims. High number of prisoners having been a victim (rape, physically abuse,etc.) in their past
All victims of abuse do not become criminals, but it is fact that it can influence on the future development of the person.
 

Children living in the streets are often called criminals in Le Soleil and by the middle class who consider them as an obstacle for economic growth and tourism. They see in them the rural culture because many street children come from villages. Newspapers often preconise to use violence against them.
Benson and Bleitrach say that press in Senegal also say foreign films are the cause of the violence of the youth. The same kind of debate exists in French media since years, television being shown to encourage young people with violence, in particular through American action movies and Asian cartoon. However, it explains the phenomenon by a maladjustment at the school and thinks that manual work prevents criminality.
Thus the young people would be also victims. Victims of the society which cannot integrate them but especially, according to the media, victims of the ill-treatment of their family. Some people see them as  potential criminals while others think they are victim of their environment, almost orphan and fighting for their survival and integration. In “A the listening of the children of the street in Black Africa” D. Poitou declares that it s from” their immediate entourage that can come the largest danger” and concluded “they have not finished being distressed, exploited, handled, recovered”.
Street children often represents, we saw it, the rural traditions, but also live in dangerous areas and no one can really say who there family is.
Children can be seen as the future of their nation, but they also remind us our childhood and it seems difficult even for anthropologists to be neutral.
Journalists seek sensational news, between the fear of area boys and empathy on the fate of young children sleeping outside; anthropologist try to be neutral but remain under the influence of theirs emotions when it comes to children. In the text ‘ la rue squattée’, Danièle Poitou shows the importance,  in the middle of the various situations which the phenomenon of the children of the streets includes, to separate the concepts of street children and children in the street. Documents see in them delinquents or victims, but the causes are often regarded as cultural.

“escape from the ill treatments” “One is shocked by an education based on absolute obedience to elders [... ] to the limits of what we can tolerable [... ] the cruel sanctions (burn, cut, pepper is added to the injuries)”
The author is shocked about those ill treatments and say it s a cultural problem. She writes in the same article, that street children are “a product of a society facing corruption and nepotism” then adds the economic crisis to the causes of the problem, children having thus no more hope. The text on the myth of Fackh Man in Senegal gives a great part of responsibility to the crisis and in particular to the  problem of hunger in Sahara areas, but this explains the phenomenon of gangs in the 70’s more than that the case of street children. Then he claims the phenomena of street children would be a kind of degeneration of the system of apprentices(trainees) and maids because with the crisis the Koran schools. Members of the family charged to raise these children could not provide any more for their need due to the economical problems they are facing. Thus, single mother is to him a modern form of polygamy, me being unable to provide the needs of their family.
The text of Alain Marie shows that capitalism and liberalism  system create exclusion and poverty. Liberalism needs some workers on the need to make others fear unemployment, and exclusion, but it also needs a labour force of reserve.
Moreover the idea that success of some companies and the fail of others under the effects of the market contributes to the expansion of the liberal ideas of luck and competition, etc. As well as the idea that bad luck and the failure are acts of  witches.
F. de Boek shows how Churches to be at the origin of the phenomena of ‘witch children’ and how they also makes it possible for the problem to be solved. It indeed makes it possible to the child-wizards to be cured in front of everybody and to be able to come back to their home. That can also enable the children to seize their power because people are often afraid of these children. These children found a way of being regarded as an adult before time because children wizard are supposed to have had several lives before, but also while being driven out of the family and while managing by themselves. The author explains this phenomenon by the fact that some children and teenagers, who are gaining more than their elders, wish to find a way of becoming equal to them.
Most authors consider that street children are away because of family problems due most time to cultural problems (polygamy, refusal to accept the children born out of marriage, sorcery.) even if they also explain why the economic crisis or the economic situation has an important role on the extent of the phenomenon.
ONG according to D. Poitou are not adapted to street children by their rigidity on the schedules which does not correspond  them who are used to decide by themselves. She thinks that associations should be more flexible and propose formations to help them get a job. The text on “the dangerosity of the street and the myth of Fackh Man” concludes that the economic and social domination of the Occident makes developing countries to agree with occidental ways of life or to manage by itself to resist. However, Occident is fond images which do not involve indignation of a political nature but rather charity, pity and  that conform Europeans in the image they have of Africa.

Some see them as potential criminals, a sign of a certain fear of  future and of a dysfunction of the society. Associations want to help the children to leave the street but the solutions which they propose are not appropriated. Anthropologists try to explain the various situations met by these children. For as much, the subject is delicate and the anthropologists are not always neutral about children and about our heavy colonial past in Africa.